Persian language - Wikipedia. For the village in Iran, see Farsi, Iran. Persian ( or ), also known by its endonym. Persian Series #5 (1999) Release Info. It looks like we don't have any release dates for this title yet. Be the first to contribute! One of Brakhage's series of short films painted directly on film, from 1999. By Stan Brakhage U.S.A. In the spirit of the Roman, Arabic, Egyptian and Babylonian Series, these hand-painted films attempt to. Enjoy watching Iranian TV Series.
Farsi (. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan (officially known as Dari since 1. For centuries, Persian has also been a prestigious cultural language in other regions of Western Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia by the various empires based in the regions. It also exerted some influence on Arabic, particularly Bahrani Arabic. Other Western Iranian languages are the Kurdish languages, Gilaki, Mazanderani, Talysh, and Balochi. Persian is classified as a member of the Southwestern subgroup within Western Iranian along with Lari, Kumzari, and Luri. Since the latter decades of the 2. Download new Persian musics, music video, concert, events and all news coverage around Persian music world on Farskids.com for free. English, Farsi has become the name of the Persian language as it is spoken in Iran. Dari (. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Farsi was first used in English in 1. Parsi dates to 1. The more detailed standard ISO 6. This consists of the individual languages Dari (Afghan Persian) and Iranian Persian. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty also includes a Tajik service and an Afghan (Dari) service. This is also the case for the American Association of Teachers of Persian, The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature, and many of the leading scholars of Persian language. In general, Iranian languages are known from three periods, usually referred to as Old, Middle, and New (Modern) periods. These correspond to three eras in Iranian history; Old era being the period from sometime before Achaemenids, the Achaemenid era and sometime after Achaemenids (that is to 4. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the Behistun Inscription. He relates that the Armenians spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. Middle Persian developed the ez. However, Middle Persian is not actually attested until 6. Sassanid era (2. 24. Moreover, as a literary language, Middle Persian is not attested until much later, to the 6th or 7th century. And from the 8th century onward, Middle Persian gradually began yielding to New Persian, with the middle- period form only continuing in the texts of Zoroastrianism. The native name of Middle Persian was Parsig or Parsik, after the name of the ethnic group of the southwest, that is, . This is the origin of the name Farsi as it is today used to signify New Persian. Following the collapse of the Sassanid state, Parsik came to be applied exclusively to (either Middle or New) Persian that was written in the Arabic script. From about the 9th century onwards, as Middle Persian was on the threshold of becoming New Persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called Pahlavi, which was actually but one of the writing systems used to render both Middle Persian as well as various other Middle Iranian languages. That writing system had previously been adopted by the Sassanids (who were Persians, i. While Ibn al- Muqaffa' (eighth century) still distinguished between Pahlavi (i. Parthian) and Persian (in Arabic text: al- Farisiyah) (i. Middle Persian), this distinction is not evident in Arab commentaries written after that date. Gernot Windfuhr considers new Persian as an evolution of the Old Persian language and the Middle Persian language. The development of the language in its last period is often divided into three stages dubbed early, classical, and contemporary. Native speakers of the language can in fact understand early texts in Persian with minimal adjustment, because the morphology and, to a lesser extent, the lexicon of the language have remained relatively stable for the greater part of a millennium. New Persian was born in Bactria through the adaptation of the spoken form of Sassanian Middle Persian court language called Dari. The cradle of the Persian literary renaissance lay in the east of Greater Iran in Greater Khorasan and Transoxiana close to the Amu Darya. He flourished in the 1. Samanids were at the height of their power. His reputation as a court poet and as an accomplished musician and singer has survived, although little of his poetry has been preserved. Among his lost works is versified fables collected in the Kalila wa Dimna. New Persian was widely used as a trans- regional lingua franca, a task for which it was particularly suitable due to its relatively simple morphological structure and this situation persisted until at least 1. This period produced world class Persian language poets and the language served, for a long span of time, as the lingua franca of major parts of the Muslim world and South Asia. It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including the Samanids, Buyids, Tahirids, Ziyarids, the Mughal Empire, Timurids, Ghaznavids, Seljuqs, Khwarazmians, the Sultanate of Rum, the Shirvanshahs, Safavids, Afsharids, Zands, Qajars, Ottomans and also many Mughal successors such as the Nizam of Hyderabad. For example, Persian was the only non- European language known and used by Marco Polo at the Court of Kublai Khan and in his journeys through China. After the Arab invasion of Persia, Persian began to adopt many words from Arabic and as time went by, a few words were even taken from Turco- Mongol languages under the Mongol Empire and Turko- Persian tradition. Use in Asia Minor. Centuries later however, the practise and usage of Persian in the region would be strongly revived. A branch of the Seljuks, the Sultanate of Rum, took Persian language, art and letters to Anatolia. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire. Following the Turko- Persian Ghaznavid conquest of South Asia, Persian was firstly introduced in the region by Turkic Central Asians. It took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts on the subcontinent and became the sole . Beginning in 1. 84. English and Hindustani gradually replaced Persian in importance on the subcontinent. Words borrowed from Persian are still quite commonly used in certain Indo- Aryan languages, especially Urdu, also historically known as Hindustani. There is also a small population of Zoroastrian Iranis in India, who migrated around 1. Qajar Iran and speak a Dari dialect. Contemporary Persian. The Iranian National Academy of Persian Language and Literature is responsible for evaluating these new words in order to initiate and advise their Persian equivalents. The language itself has greatly developed during the centuries. Varieties. There are also several local dialects from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from the standard Persian. The Hazaragi dialect (in Central Afghanistan and Pakistan), Herati (in Western Afghanistan), Darwazi (in Afghanistan and Tajikistan), and the Tehrani accent (in Iran, the basis of standard Iranian Persian) are examples of these dialects. Persian- speaking peoples of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan can understand one another with a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility. It is classified as a variety of Persian. Part of the Tat Persian continuum, and spoken in Azerbaijan, Russia, as well as notably by immigrant communities in Israel and New York. Phonology. Early New Persian had a series of five long vowels (/i. At some point prior to the 1. Iran, /e. Thus, older contrasts such as . However, there are exceptions to this rule, and in some words, . Examples of this exception can be found in words such as . On the other hand, in standard Tajik, the length distinction has disappeared, and /i. Samareh 1. 97. 7, Pisowicz 1. Najafi 2. 00. 1), the three vowels traditionally considered long (/i/, /u/, /. However, there are studies (e. Hayes 1. 97. 9, Windfuhr 1. That offers a synthetic analysis including both quality and quantity, often suggesting that modern Persian vowels are in a transition state between the quantitative system of classical Persian and a hypothetical future Persian that will eliminate all traces of quantity and retain quality as the only active feature. The length distinction is nevertheless strictly observed by careful reciters of classic- style poetry for all varieties (including the Tajik). Consonants. If the object is specific, the object is followed by the word r. Persian frequently uses derivational agglutination to form new words from nouns, adjectives, and verbal stems. New words are extensively formed by compounding . Persian loanwords of Arabic origin especially include Islamic terms. The Arabic vocabulary in other Iranian, Turkic and Indic languages is generally understood to have been copied from New Persian, not from Arabic itself. Perry, in his article Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic, estimates that about 2. Persian, and more than 2. Persian literature, are of Arabic origin. The text frequency of these loan words is generally lower and varies by style and topic area. It may approach 2. The Turkish and Mongolian vocabulary in Persian is minor in comparison to that of Arabic and these words were mainly confined to military, pastoral terms and political sector (titles, administration, etc.). Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially other Indo- European languages such as Armenian. Persian has also had a significant lexical influence, via Turkish, on Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbo- Croatian, particularly as spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Use of occasional foreign synonyms instead of Persian words can be a common practice in everyday communications as an alternative expression. In some instances in addition to the Persian vocabulary, the equivalent synonyms from multiple foreign languages can be used. For example, in Iranian colloquial Persian (not in Afghanistan or Tajikistan), the phrase . Tajiki, which is considered by some linguists to be a Persian dialect influenced by Russian and the Turkic languages of Central Asia. Tajik Persian, as used in Tajikistan, is typically written in a modified version of the Cyrillic script. There also exist several romanization systems for Persian.
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