Spaced repetition - Gwern. When should one review? The studies demonstrating the spacing effect do not control or vary the time of day, so in one sense, the answer is: it doesn. Convenience makes one more likely to stick with it, and sticking with it overpowers any temporary improvement. If one is not satisfied with that answer, then on general considerations, one ought to review before bedtime & sleep. Memory consolidation seems to be related, and sleep is known to powerfully influence what memories enter long- term memory, strengthening memories of material learned close to bedtime and increasing creativity; interrupting sleep without affecting total sleep time or quality still damages memory formation in mice. So reviewing before bedtime would be best. Furthermore, 2 weeks after testing, animals trained in discrete spaced intervals over a period of time, rather than in a single presentation or a . One theory is that the hippocampal neurons that preferentially survive are the ones that are somehow activated during the learning process. The distribution of learning over a period of time may be more effective in encouraging neuronal survival by allowing more time for changes in gene expression and protein synthesis that extend the life of neurons that are engaged in the learning process. What are all our flashcards, small and large, doing for us? Why do I have a pair of flashcards for the word ? I can just look it up. But look ups take time compared to already knowing something. We trade off lookup time against limited skull space. The United States began as a largely rural nation, with most people living on farms or in small towns and villages. While the rural population continued to grow in. If there were a Top of the Pops for poetry, Robert Hayden’s 'Those Winter Sundays' would be on it. Ten years ago, based on a Columbia University Press survey, the. Popular TV chef and author Julia Child was born on August 15, 1912, in Pasadena, California. In 1948, she moved to France where she developed a penchant for. Spaced repetition is a technique for efficient memorization & practice of skills where instead of doing a lot of work quickly, each item’s practices are. Chapter 4 From Populism to the Progressive Era, 1900–1912. The depression of the 1890s seemed a distant memory by the early years of the twentieth century. The most obvious example is the sort of factual data already given as examples - we might one day need to know the average annual rainfall in Honolulu or Austin, but it would require too much space to memorize such data for all capitals. There are millions of English words, but in practice any more than 1. Less obvious is a sort of procedural knowledge. An extreme form of space- time tradeoffs in computers is when a computation is replaced by pre- calculated constants. We could take a math function and calculate its output for each possible input. Usually such a lookup table of input to output is really large. Think about how many entries would be in such a table for all possible integer multiplications between 1 and 1 billion. But sometimes the table is really small (like binary Boolean functions) or small (like trigonometric tables) or very large but still useful (rainbow tables usually start in the gigabytes and easily reach terabytes). Given an infinitely large lookup table, we could replace completely the skill of, say, addition or multiplication by the lookup table. The space- time tradeoff taken to the extreme of the space side of the continuum. SRS and Mnemosyne can? The space- time tradeoff shows us that we can de- proceduralize multiplication and turn it partly into factoids. From my experience with multiple subtle variants on a card, the mind gives up after just a few and falls back on a problem- solving approach - which is exactly what one wants to exercise, in this case. Congratulations; you have done the impossible. From a software engineering point of view, we might want to modify or improve the cards, and 5. So coolest would be a . Add a markup type like < eval src=. The question text is displayed to the user as usual, the user thinks, requests the answer, and grades himself. So for multiplication, the dynamic card would get 2 random integers, print a question like . Every so often you would get a new multiplication question, and as you get better at multiplication, you see it less often - exactly as you should. Still in a math vein, you could generate variants on formulas or programs where one version is the correct one and the others are subtly wrong; I do this by hand with my programming flashcards (especially if I make an error doing exercises, that signals a finer point to make several flashcards on), but it can be done automatically. It has a set of generators of formulas and damaged formulas, and presents you with a list containing several formulas of the same type (e. For example, maybe you are studying Go and are interested in learning life- and- death positions. Those are things that can be generated by computer Go programs, or fetched from places like Go. Problems. com. For even more examples, Go is rotationally invariant - the best move remains the same regardless of which way the board is oriented and since there is no canonical direction for the board (like in chess) a good player ought to be able to play the same no matter how the board looks - so each specific example can be mirrored in 3 other ways. Or one could test one. Programming languages could be learned this way - someone learning Haskell could take all the functions listed in the Prelude or his Haskell textbook, and ask Quick. Check to generate random arguments for the functions and ask the GHC interpreter ghci what the function and its arguments evaluate to. Games other than go, like chess, may work (a live example being Chess Tempo, and see the experience of Dan Schmidt). A fair bit of mathematics. If the dynamic card has Internet access, it can pull down fresh questions from an RSS feed or just a website; this functionality could be quite useful in a foreign language learning context with every day bringing a fresh sentence to translate or another exercise. The full text with illustrations from: The Montessori Method (1912) by Maria Montessori, translated by Anne Everett George. Hosted by UPenn digital library.With some NLP software, one could write dynamic flashcards which test all sorts of things: if one confuses verbs, the program could take a template like . Jack Kinsella: I wish there were dynamic SRS decks for language learning (or other disciplines). Such decks would count the number of times you have reviewed an instance of an underlying grammatical rule or an instance of a particular piece of vocabulary, for example its singular/plural/third person conjugation/dative form. These sophisticated decks would present users with fresh example sentences on every review, thereby preventing users from remembering specific answers and compelling them to learn the process of applying the grammatical rule afresh. Moreover, these decks would keep users entertained through novelty and would present users with tacit learning opportunities through rotating vocabulary used in non- essential parts of the example sentence. Such a system, with multiple- level review rotation, would not only prevent against overfit learning, but also increase the total amount of knowledge learned per minute, an efficiency I. Elizabeth in her Apartment. Main article: BioShock Infinite Escape from Monument Island Edit. Elizabeth remained in her tower until July 6, 1912, the anniversary of. Keeping the Spirit Alive. The Theodore Roosevelt Association is a historical and public service organization dedicated to perpetuating the memory and ideals of. RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during her.
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